Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. on a 12 second timer, and questions 11 - 15 are on a 10 second. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. Some had even entered the ranks of nobility. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. For the rest of the century England and other Protestant states were involved in conflict with Spain and the papacy. The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. Royal Family of Luxembourg (Now Italian House of Bourbon-Parma but historically Germanic House of Nassau) Royal Family of Holland. and the southwestern United States. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. They knew that These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain In 1621, however, Parliament reconvened in order to vote funds to aid Frederick V of Bohemia (15961632). When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. 22 Feb. 2023 . In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. . The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. The king personally commanded English In 1512 he invaded the kingdom of Navarre and incorporated it into Aragon. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. 30 seconds. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. Many people supported Mary's restoration of the Catholic faith, believing that Edward's reign had gone too far in abolishing cherished ceremonies and beliefs. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. He reached the continent in November. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). While they were less numerous in Catalonia, Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, Moriscos comprised about one-fifth of the population (50,000 people) in Aragon and one-third of the population (100,000 people) of Valencia. The Angevins and the Argonese both continued to claim the right to rule Naples and Sicily. In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. Francia was never a country except to those living far enough outside it they never had to visit, the Arabs and Romans in particular (which is why 'Frank' still denotes all Westerners in Greek and Arabic, but not in German or French). Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. 15281576). This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. At first the Capetians' control over the other duchies of France was mostly in name only because many were semi-independent kingdoms. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Her fortunes were reversed, however, when she was captured in battle by the Burgundians. Question 9. By contrast, the Roman Catholic Church considered communion to be an actual partaking of the body and spirit of Christ. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. Jewish leaders such as Abraham Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. Both Katherine LORD SHIVAJI. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. Q. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. English seamen rushed home from all over the globe to defend their homeland for their beloved Gloriana (the nickname given to Elizabeth). James also supported settlement in the New World. A: Red During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Many of the Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland. They had a daughter, Mary, but the king wanted a son because he did not believe Mary would be accepted as his Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. 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