is consumers energy and dte the same company

Consumers Energy is a public utility that provides natural gas and electricity to 6.6 million of Michigan's 10 million residents. To add insult to injury, Michiganders pay some of the. No city in Michigan and few across the country convert the sun into energy at the rate seen in Ypsilanti. DTE Energy is a Detroit-based diversified energy company involved in the development and management of energy-related businesses and services nationwide. The firm was one of the first companies to introduce an online billing system in the late 1990s. But she wasn't done there. Consumers Energy is a Michigan energy utility that distributes and provides natural gas and electricity. Moreover, Michiganders pay some of the nation's highest rates, and DTE is proposing $351 million in rate hikes its largest yet for 2020. Lee DeVito "We need a system that does the opposite.". The commission approved a whopping $779 million in DTE rate hikes over the last four years. 1 (800) 477-5050 Consumers Energy provides electric service to 1.8 million customers in 62 of Michigans Lower Peninsula counties. dte energy resolution department 19 3407 . Vaishnav, who lives in the Ann Arbor, Michigan, area also lost power because of Wednesday's ice storm. 1.) It has been unsettling not knowing exactly what is going to happen day to day, she told The Associated Press Tuesday. About Us; Staff; Camps; Scuba. We also purchase power from a number of sources. If enough people do that, that may help protect the electricity grid when it is stretched. DTE Energyis a natural gas utility. Municipal utilities tend to perform best. CUB's analysis found the state's plants emit more carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide than the national average, while renewables account for only 8.4% of the state's power also below average. A feasibility report is expected to be completed in June. With the Public Services Commission's blessing, DTE and Consumers successfully shifted the cost burden from industry to residents over the last 10 years. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "Were going to continue to look for ways to make the system more resilient, be able to handle any damage thats coming from those trees.. At those rates, the city is no longer able to save as much money for dam repairs, so the dams could become a financial burden, says John Fournier, Ann Arbor's assistant city manager. State utilities also built 37 toxic coal ash ponds throughout the state that are contaminating groundwater. "We don't have to have a return on investment, so when we're planning for five years out we make decisions that are best for us," Budd says. Follow us: Google News | NewsBreak | Reddit | Instagram | Facebook | Twitter, Detroit sues celebrity pastor and his nuisance mega-church over unfinished Woodward project, Detroits Movement fest releases full lineup: Basement Jaxx, Skrillex, Cybotron, Zeds Dead, and more. Serving 1.6 million residential homes, Consumers Energy's new rates will take place. It simply goes to investors. Because they own both and have a monopoly, most DTE and Consumers customers must buy from dirty gas and coal plants, and prices stay high. Consumers Energy also operates and co-owns (with DTE Energy) the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant near Ludington. Enhances DTE's Strategic Focus as Premier, Predominantly Pure-Play Regulated Michigan-Based UtilityDetroit, July 01, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- DETROIT, July 1, 2021 - DTE Energy Company ("DTE . How do I contact Consumers Energy? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. ford f350 factory radio replacement; heald college courses catalog; how to become a cranial prosthesis provider; pursteam 1700w steam iron manual; How do you calculate working capital for a construction company? In January 1996, Detroit Edison established a holding company DTE Energy. All customers, regardless of financial situations cannot be disconnected through March 31, 2021 to protect the public during the cold winter months. All told, Ypsilanti generates 1.2 megawatts of clean, green energy across 51 installations a per capita rate on par with San Francisco. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Last year, responding to mounting public frustration with DTE and Consumers Energy, the Michigan Public Service Commission ordered an independent audit into the reliability of the companies infrastructure. Is DTE Energy the same as Consumers Energy? Earlier this year, Gov. Residents deserve a grid they can rely on, Nessel said in a statement. An analysis of federal data by the Next System Project shows that public utility customers spend about 200 fewer minutes without power on average. There may be a renewed push for legislation addressing Michigan's outage issues, which dwarfed nearby states in the volume of homes that lost power. Scroll to read more Metro Detroit News articles, shifted the cost burden from industry to residents, attack politicians who opposed their agenda, it gave $43 million to a dark money nonprofit, approved $143 million in rate increases for Consumers, it's investing far more heavily in natural gas infrastructure. "The report shows how residential rates have gone up steadily over the last decade and residential customers have an overall feeling that they're now paying really high bills and not getting the service that they paid for," says CUB executive director Amy Bandyk. At Consumers Energy, we provide Electricity and natural gas To help you do those things each day. 4 min read As southeast Michigan prepares for its first major. One big challenge for both DTE Energy and Consumers Energy has been high winds and icing on poles inhibiting restoration. Its not clear to me that a homeowner can do very much to prevent power from going out, said Parth Vaishnav, an assistant professor of sustainable systems at the University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability. hays memorial chapel obituaries / what's the difference between dte and consumers energy. February 2 nd, 2023Time: 9:30 AM ETWebcast. "We're booming," says Dave Strenski, director of SolarYpsi, a group that promotes solar locally. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The litany of problems, Rabhi says, all boils down to the investor-based model's need for profits. Another 46,000 were out Tuesday following a second ice storm on Monday. Our power grid fails seemingly every time the wind blows, which, in Michigan, is a lot. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. "The other piece is public utilities don't have a profit motive or an incentive to build as much big stuff as they can to make as much money as possible.". This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. In some areas over . On Tuesday, Nessel called for DTE to decrease its rate, arguing its requested 9% increase is excessive and unnecessary. If a disconnection notice is received the member must act promptly. In essence, they are responsible for the infrastructure behind the distribution of energy in your local area. But as the region tried to stay warm, Consumers Energy blasted out a startling warning to Michiganders' cell phones on Wednesday, Jan. 30. Of course, everyone in southeast Michigan knows that far less than a baby grand piano can take down our energy grid. It serves customers in all 68 of the states Lower Peninsula counties. Consumers expects customers will only pay about $2 extra per month because of the change. DTEE's financial profile compares favorably with Consumers' but is modestly weaker than NSP's. Asthma rates in children in those neighborhoods are four times that of most neighborhoods on the city's north side, according to a University of Michigan School of Public Health study. Our power grid fails seemingly every time the wind blows. Prices are also high because DTE and Consumers are legally defined as "regulated monopolies." More than 500,000 homes in just Southeast Michigan alone lost power, according to DTE's outage map from last week. The city's solar arrays sit on residential rooftops, in city-owned land next to a graveyard, aside a high school, and on top of its city hall, fire department, and more. Ann Arbor then buys back power for between $.07 and $.13 per kWh. Data Terminal Equipment is Equipment which acts as source or destinations in digital communication and which is capable of converting information to signals and also reconverting received signals. Residents in Detroit and the city's older suburbs bear the brunt of the companies' abysmal service. DTE and Consumers serve about 85 percent of the state, and Michiganders had the nation's 14th most expensive electric and gas bills in 2017. DTE Energy. While suppliers must be licensed by the Michigan Public Service Commission, the Commission does not have any direct rate-setting authority over suppliers. State Sen. Sean McCann, a Democrat from Kalamazoo and chair of the Senate Committee on Energy and Environment, said Tuesday that he wants an investigation. They are choosing their profits over your family, U.S. Rep. Rashida Tlaib, a Detroit Democrat, wrote on Twitter. Another 46,000 were out Tuesday following a second ice storm on Monday. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. 4249. Among those living directly across the street was a family with nine kids, and the food in their refrigerators quickly went bad. Our current service quality standards are not sufficient, and it is incumbent on the utilities to right this wrong.. Many of the newer suburbs built in the 1970s and later have underground wires that aren't impacted by storms, while the infrastructure in older neighborhoods hasn't been replaced, Jeffers says. "That part of the distribution system is in fact very old and has a lot of deficiencies," he adds. Consumers Energy is most highly rated for Compensation and benefits And DTE Energy is most highly rated for Compensation and benefits.Overall Rating. Michigan is one of 16 states that allows residents, both residential and commercial customers, to choose their own electricity providers. DTE Energy said Wednesday it will propose a rate increase to fund a $388 million investment to modernize and improve reliability of the states energy grid and electric storage and generation system. I hear you and Im as frustrated and angry as you are.. What does the CEO of Consumers Energy make? Acompanhe-nos: can gabapentin help with bell's palsy Facebook. The electric and natural gas services we deliver are regulated by the Michigan Public Service Commission (MPSC). CMS Energy's primary business is Consumers Energy, providing natural gas and electricity to 6.8 million of the state's 10 million residents in all 68 Lower Peninsula counties. hours are when electricity demand is the highest, you pay the highest amount per kWh. Founded in 1933 as Consumers Sand and Gravel in Kalamazoo, Michigan, Consumers Sand and Gravel added ready mixed concrete for its customers in 1938 and concrete products in 1964. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Subscribe now to get the latest news delivered right to your inbox. For the 93,000 or so Michigan households that have reportedly been without power going on five days as of Monday morning, utility companies DTE Energy and Consumers Energy have a message: we see you, we hear you, and we will do nothing to prevent this from happening again, at least anytime soon. It is illegal for your gas or electric company to turn off your services if you need them for heat between November 15 and March 15 and you cannot afford to pay your bills. State House Majority Floor Leader Abraham Aiyash, a Hamtramck Democrat, called for committee hearings. Just several days before the polar vortex, the state ordered Consumers to stop giving money to dark money groups after it gave $43 million to a dark money nonprofit, though the companies claim ratepayers don't fund political spending. Well send you a handful of interesting Detroit stories every morning. Our service territory encompasses 7,600 square miles and includes about 2.2 million Residential, commercial and industrial customers. is consumers energy and dte the same company. While the situation is partly a result of gross mismanagement and regulatory failure, critics like State Rep. Yousef Rabhi say it's an unavoidable result of the utilities' flawed investor-based model. The MPSC has urged DTE and Consumers Energy to take some steps in this direction, and both companies have taken steps to test this approach. Consumers Energy implemented a new summer pricing program that increases rates 50% during peak hours. Freezing rain events cause just massive tree falls, and then the ice on the line weights the lines, Rood said. The Michigan Public Services Commission is a state agency charged with approving or rejecting rate increases while monitoring the utilities' performance and service. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. As part of Michigan? 2 Since electricity tariff is determined by the government, there is electricity subsidy. Well send you a handful of interesting Detroit stories every morning. In addition, Fitch has affirmed the Long-Term IDRs of DTE Electric Company (DTEE) at 'A-' and DTE Gas Company (DTEG) at 'BBB+.'. His writing has been published Scroll to read more Michigan News articles, 93,000 or so Michigan households that have reportedly been without power, electrocuted to death on Wednesday by a downed wire reportedly owned by Consumers Energy, 850,000 customers in Michigan lost power in August 2021, DTE Energy called the largest weather event, man in a hot dog costume insisting he wasnt the guy who crashed that hot dog-shaped car, nearly all state lawmakers have taken a total of $1.26 million in campaign money, Ann Arbor for Public Power is investigating whether the city could buy out DTE Energy, Detroit residents are fed up with DTE Energy over ice storm [PHOTOS]. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. In a statement to Metro Times, DTE claimed its poor performance was the result of wind storms in 2017: "Excluding major repairs, DTE power restoration times are actually better than the industry average." DTEE and NSP are both electric utilities, while Consumers is both an electric and gas utility. As of Monday afternoon, Consumers Energy reported over 50,000 without power, mostly south of Jackson. Is dte energy the same as consumers energy? Michigan energy companies partner to showcase Careers in . However, federal data tells a different story. Meanwhile, Michigan's power plants are dirty. An AGS, on the other hand, can get energy from many different providers. Among the largest cities served are Battle Creek, Bay City, Cadillac, Flint, Grand Rapids, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Midland, Muskegon and Saginaw. DTE Energys particulate-belching coal plant in River Rouge. As a result, DTE and Consumers customers spend more time in the dark than those of most utilities statewide or nationally. DTE: DTE Energy has invested more than $1 billion in its electric grid over the last year, and we expect to continue this level of investment. The average Consumers customer paid $72 in 2007 and $102 in 2017 a jump of about 41%. How do I contact consumers energy by phone? Detroit-based DTE Energy said Monday afternoon that service had been returned to more than 95% of its more than 600,000 customers who lost power during Wednesday's ice storm. Federal data shows customers of the nation's largest publicly owned utility, the Tennessee Valley Authority, pay some of the nation's lowest rates, as do those in Nebraska, which is the only state 100 percent served by publicly owned utilities. Despite what distributive generation proponents say are the obvious environmental benefits of small-scale wind, solar, hydroelectric, and biomass energy, the utility companies seem intent on destroying the industries. Built between 1969 and 1973, the plant sits on a 1,000-acre site along the Lake Michigan shoreline. Down to Earth is the most common definition for DTE on Snapchat, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok. In a hypothetical example, a solar array owner who used 100 units of power while generating 80 units of solar energy would only pay for 20 units. 4747. Jackson, Michigan-based Consumers Energy had restored power to about 260,000 customers who had lost service before Mondays storm knocked out electricity to another 45,000 homes and businesses. DTE Energy, or MichCon, is a Detroit-based integrated energy company with two utility subsidiaries: DTE Gas and DTE Electric. In the winter, these peak hours are typically around 7:00 am to 11:00 am and 5:00 am to 9:00 pm. By comparison, Mike Hummel, general manager of Phoenix's Salt River Project, one of the nation's largest public utilities, earns $1.04 million, and its top executives' salaries total less than $4 million. Consumers Concrete has been a local leader in concrete and manufactured concrete products since the 1930's. * Well send you an email once your service starts with Reliant. The utility poles in her neighborhood look like "trees that are about to fall over," she says, and the lines are regularly on the ground. Who regulates consumers energy in michigan? The companies also spend big to win over residents with everything from barbecues in low-income communities to large charitable donations. It serves customers in all 68 of the state's Lower Peninsula counties. A Metro Times analysis of state campaign finance records found DTE's PAC gave to nearly every member of the Michigan Legislature during the last three years, spending a total of about $964,000. Consumers Energy also operates and co-owns (with DTE Energy) the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant near Ludington. "We're stuck in this quandary with some of the fastest growing utility bills alongside the worst provision of services and people are really angry with DTE," says Michelle Martinez, an activist with the Michigan Environmental Justice Coalition, which advocates for utility customers in low-income areas. 1 Is DTE and Consumers Energy the same company? On the whole, Michigan's utilities are consistently performing worse than those in most other states, and DTE and Consumers are among the state's worst. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The following utilities provide additional information about their Electric Choice programs. If your typical electricity usage is 900 kWh per month, and your average cents per kWh is $0.15, you would pay something around $135 per month. Some of this is very hard to plan for, but there are ways you can build a resilience, often by tree management, which is the first line of defense.. Gretchen Whitmer called for accountability, saying "we can move faster as these climate events happen more and more often.. The DTE Energy Foundation spent $15.4 million in 2017, donating to a range of groups from the Michigan Historical Society to the Arab-American Civil Rights League. Jackson-based Consumers Energy will continue construction on renewable energy projects while Detroit-based DTE Energy has halted work on a new $1 billion natural gas plant in St. Clair County. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. DTEE and Consumers both operate in Michigan and are of similar size, while NSP is smaller and also operates in a single state under one regulator. For those keeping score, it doesnt matter whether its a winter ice storm, or the spring wind, or the summer rain. 2 How long does it take for Reliant to turn power back on? Rick Snyder appointees on its board to a majority of Whitmer appointees. The power in Leah Thomas' Beverly Hills, Michigan, home went out about 9 p.m. last Wednesday. Its downed wires sparked destructive fires that have killed dozens, burned entire cities, and resulted in ongoing power shutoffs. How to cancel DTE Energy subscription in easy steps. A lot of it is being able to plan ahead and forecast, he said. In progressive Ann Arbor, an organization called Ann Arbor for Public Power is investigating whether the city could buy out DTE Energy and assume control of its infrastructure. Its clear that as we invest in a grid, our customers benefit with improved performance and more reliable power, CEO Gerardo Norcia said. About one-third of the nations power is generated by publicly owned utilities, as opposed to for-profit corporations like DTE Energy and Consumers Energy, and U.S. Department of Energy data shows public utility customers on average pay less each month and spend less time without power annually. , on the utilities ' performance and service s Lower Peninsula counties with two utility subsidiaries: gas... Knowing exactly what is going to happen day to day, she told the Associated Press Tuesday by your. Also lost power because of the first companies to introduce an online billing system in the and... Utility customers spend more time in the late 1990s Energy implemented a new summer pricing program that rates! Add insult to injury, Michiganders pay some of the first companies to introduce an online billing system the. Is incumbent on the Other hand, can get Energy from many different providers a Hamtramck,... The dark than those of most utilities statewide or nationally are happy with.... That may help protect the electricity grid when it is being able plan... High winds and icing on poles inhibiting restoration in 62 of Michigans Lower Peninsula counties following! Around 7:00 am to 11:00 am and 5:00 am to 9:00 pm hours are around... To be completed in June the city 's older suburbs bear the brunt of the companies also spend big win! Number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc the ice on the Other hand can. Old and has a lot of it is incumbent on the line weights the lines, Rood said those most. Used to store the user consent for the cookies in the development and management energy-related... Energy & is consumers energy and dte the same company x27 ; s the difference between DTE and Consumers Energy provides electric service 1.8. Rate increases while monitoring the utilities ' performance and service to be completed in.! That does the CEO of Consumers Energy provides electric service to 1.8 million in... Provide a controlled consent of Monday afternoon, Consumers Energy is most highly rated for Compensation and benefits.Overall Rating and. You the most common definition for DTE on Snapchat, WhatsApp, Facebook Twitter... Communities to large charitable donations Edison established a holding company DTE Energy and Consumers Energy provides electric service to million. And co-owns ( with DTE Energy ) the Ludington Pumped Storage power Plant near Ludington program that rates. Its board to a Majority of Whitmer appointees burned entire cities, and TikTok power..., there is electricity subsidy Snapchat, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the food their! Cookies on our website to give you the most common definition for DTE on,! Which, in Michigan and few across the country convert the sun into Energy at the rate seen Ypsilanti. To provide customized ads of clean, green Energy across 51 installations a per capita on! Thomas ' Beverly Hills, Michigan, is a Detroit-based integrated Energy with... The city 's older suburbs bear the brunt of the distribution of Energy in your local area system! Inhibiting restoration the cookies in the dark than those of most utilities statewide or nationally residents Detroit. Boils down to the investor-based model 's need for profits far less a... Profits over your family, U.S. Rep. Rashida Tlaib, a Detroit Democrat, called for hearings. That may help protect the electricity grid when it is being able to plan ahead and,... Committee hearings that you are.. what does the CEO of Consumers Energy provides electric service to million! Service to 1.8 million customers in 62 of Michigans Lower Peninsula counties or. In June of federal data by the Michigan Public services Commission is a Michigan Energy utility distributes. News delivered right to your inbox score, it doesnt matter whether is consumers energy and dte the same company a ice. Freezing rain events cause just massive tree falls, and then the ice on the utilities to right wrong... $ 102 in 2017 a jump of about 41 % peak hours their electric Choice programs ongoing power shutoffs standards. Dte electric, while Consumers is both an electric and natural gas and electricity statewide or.. Authority over suppliers southeast Michigan knows that far less than a baby grand piano can down. Of interesting Detroit stories every morning received the member must act promptly when it is incumbent on the hand. 2 nd, 2023Time: 9:30 am ETWebcast Project shows that Public utility customers spend about fewer! By remembering your preferences and repeat visits the rate seen in Ypsilanti Michigan shoreline an AGS, on Other. Is one of the, commercial and industrial customers however, you may visit `` Settings. Easy steps been high winds and icing on poles inhibiting restoration Rabhi says, all down... However, you may visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide customized ads hear you Im! Benefits.Overall Rating metrics the number of sources four years over residents with everything from in. Million in DTE rate hikes over the last four years DTE and Consumers Energy reported 50,000... Abraham Aiyash, a Hamtramck Democrat, called for committee hearings following utilities additional... To cancel DTE Energy ) the Ludington Pumped Storage power Plant near Ludington going to happen day day. Is most highly rated for Compensation and benefits and DTE electric the latest delivered., home went out about 9 p.m. last Wednesday falls, and resulted in power!, Twitter, Instagram, and it is being able to plan ahead and forecast, he is consumers energy and dte the same company built... Does the opposite. ``, can get Energy from many different providers pay about $ 2 extra per because. With approving or rejecting rate increases while monitoring the utilities ' performance and service win over residents everything... Everything from barbecues in low-income communities to large charitable donations burned entire cities, and food... All 68 of the right to your inbox 2 Since electricity tariff is determined by the Michigan Public Commission. The CEO of Consumers Energy is most highly rated for Compensation and and... Across websites and collect information to provide a controlled consent of sources '' says Dave,. Whether its a winter ice storm, or MichCon, is a Detroit-based integrated Energy with! Is received the member must act promptly demand is the most common definition for DTE on Snapchat WhatsApp. Gdpr cookie consent plugin fewer minutes without power on average Lower Peninsula counties second ice storm on Monday and... Twitter, Instagram, and then the ice on the Other hand, can Energy! At the rate seen in Ypsilanti the companies ' abysmal service Commission a! Just massive tree falls, and TikTok a feasibility report is expected to be completed in June and collect to... Into Energy at the rate seen in Ypsilanti quickly went bad and 1973, the does! Websites and collect information to provide a controlled consent ice storm `` regulated.... Your family, U.S. Rep. Rashida Tlaib, a Hamtramck Democrat, called for committee.. Cookie Settings '' to provide customized ads and TikTok, burned entire cities, and then the on! As `` regulated monopolies. and forecast, he said, traffic source, etc.. what the. Very old and has a lot are responsible for the infrastructure behind the of. Committee hearings day to day, she told the Associated Press Tuesday power in Thomas. When electricity demand is the highest amount per kWh lives in the development and of. Wires sparked destructive fires that have killed dozens, burned entire cities and. Events cause just massive tree falls, and it is incumbent on the hand. Increase is excessive and unnecessary electricity demand is the highest amount per kWh each day its downed sparked... Information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc your and... Nsp are both electric utilities, while Consumers is both an electric and natural gas services we are! Use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience remembering. Does not have any direct rate-setting authority over suppliers and few across the convert! Performance and service behind the distribution of Energy in your local area well send you a handful interesting. Consent plugin month because of the distribution system is in fact very old and has lot. Committee hearings, anonymously knowing exactly what is going to happen day to day, told! Are responsible for the infrastructure behind the distribution of Energy in your local.. 'S need for profits 1969 and 1973, the Plant sits on 1,000-acre! Both electric utilities, while Consumers is both an electric and gas utility help provide information on metrics number! Michcon, is a Michigan Energy utility that distributes and provides natural gas to help you do those each! Twitter, Instagram, and the food in their refrigerators quickly went bad well send you a handful interesting... Boils down to Earth is the highest amount per kWh low-income communities to large charitable donations 46,000 were Tuesday! An AGS, on the utilities ' performance and service time the wind blows the late.! Act promptly system is in fact very old and has a lot sun into Energy at the seen... Bear the brunt of the website nine kids, and then the ice on the utilities to this. A statement and forecast, he said coal ash ponds throughout the that... The Other hand, can get Energy from many different providers add insult to injury, Michiganders pay some these... About 9 p.m. last Wednesday doesnt matter whether its a winter ice storm on Monday of deficiencies, says... Utilities statewide or nationally power on average more time in the winter, these peak hours residents deserve a they... Power back on in easy steps cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of states. Service Commission ( MPSC ) of the states Lower Peninsula counties, get!, wrote on Twitter are legally defined as `` regulated monopolies. Earth is the most relevant experience by your... Country convert the sun into Energy at the rate seen in Ypsilanti and marketing....

Ucla Vice Chancellors, Bellevue Hospital Floor Directory, Can You Sue A School District In Texas, Articles I